Thursday, September 24, 2009

Medical Power point Projects

Here are some power point project of medical importance:
Just check it out:

Epilepsy and its homeopathic treatment:
For power point project click on the link below:
http://www.scribd.com/doc/13048649/Understanding-Epilepsy-and-Its-Homeopathic-Answer

Rickets with its homoeopathic treatment:

For power point project click on the link below:
http://www.scribd.com/doc/11711178/Rickets-A-brief-View-With-Homoeopathic-Approach

Monday, September 14, 2009

Autism


Autism:

Autism is a disorder that is usually first diagnosed in early childhood. The main signs and symptoms of autism involve communication, social interactions and repetitive behaviors.

Autism is a brain development disorder characterized by impaired social interaction and communication, and by restricted and repetitive behavior. These signs all begin before a child is three years old. Autism involves many parts of the brain; how this occurs is not well understood.

Also called: Autistic spectrum disorder (ASD), Pervasive developmental disorder (PDD)

Children with autism might have problems talking with you, or they might not look you in the eye when you talk to them. They may have to line up their pencils before they can pay attention, or they may say the same sentence again and again to calm themselves down. They may flap their arms to tell you they are happy, or they might hurt themselves to tell you they are not. Some people with autism never learn how to talk.

Because people with autism can have very different features or symptoms, health care providers think of autism as a "spectrum" disorder. Asperger syndrome is a milder version of the disorder.

The cause of autism is not known. Autism lasts throughout a person's lifetime. There is no cure, but treatment can help. Treatments include behavior and communication therapies and medicines to control symptoms.

Autism has a strong genetic basis, although the genetics of autism are complex and it is unclear whether ASD is explained more by rare mutations, or by rare combinations of common genetic variants. In rare cases, autism is strongly associated with agents that cause birth defects. Controversies surround other proposed environmental causes, such as heavy metals, pesticides or childhood vaccines; the vaccine hypotheses are biologically implausible and lack convincing scientific evidence. The prevalence of ASD is about 6 per 1,000 people, with about four times as many males as females. The number of people known to have autism has increased dramatically since the 1980s, partly due to changes in diagnostic practice; the question of whether actual prevalence has increased is unresolved.

Parents usually notice signs in the first two years of their child's life. The signs usually develop gradually, but some autistic children first develop more normally and then regress. Although early behavioral or cognitive intervention can help children gain self-care, social, and communication skills, there is no known cure. Not many children with autism live independently after reaching adulthood, though some become successful. An autistic culture has developed, with some individuals seeking a cure and others believing autism should be tolerated as a difference and not treated as a disorder.

Causes:

Following Factors may be said to cause “AUTISM”

Genetics:

Prenatal environment:

Maternal infection:
  • Gestational diabetes
  • Teratogens
  • Pesticides
  • Thyroid problems
  • Folic acid
  • Stress
  • Fetal testosterone
  • Ultrasound
Perinatal environment:

Postnatal environment:
  • Vaccines
  • Autoimmune disease
  • Viral infection
  • Excessive hygiene
  • Oxidative stress
  • Amygdala neurons
  • Locus coeruleus–noradrenergic system
  • Vitamin D
  • Lead
  • Mercury
  • MMR vaccine
  • Leaky gut syndrome
  • Paracetamol
  • Rain
  • Refrigerator mother
  • Other psychogenic theories
Social construct:

Symptoms of Autism:

The symptoms vary greatly but follow a general pattern. Not all symptoms are present in all autistic children.

Autistic infants may act relatively normal during their first few months of life before becoming less responsive to their parents and other stimuli. They may have difficulty with feeding or toilet training; may not smile in recognition of their parents' faces, and may put up resistance to being cuddled.

As they enter toddlerhood, it becomes increasingly apparent that these children have a world of their own. They do not play with other children or toys in the normal manner, rather they remain aloof and prefer to play alone. Parents often mention that their child is so undemanding that he or she is “too good”.

Verbal and nonverbal communication skills, such as speech and facial expressions, develop peculiarly. Symptoms range from mutism to prolonged use of echoing or stilted language. When language is present, it is often concrete, unimaginative, and immature.

Another symptom of autism is an extreme resistance to change of any kind. Autistic children tend to want to maintain established behavior patterns and a set environment. They develop rituals in play, oppose change (such as moving furniture), and may become obsessed with one particular topic.

Other behavioral abnormalities that may be present are: staring at hands or flapping arms and hands, walking on tiptoe, rocking, tantrums, strange postures, unpredictable behavior and hyperactivity.

An autistic child has poor judgment and is therefore always at risk for danger. For instance, an autistic child may run into a busy street without any sign of fear.

Treatment of Autism:

Appropriate early intervention is important. Once the diagnosis has been made, the parents, physicians, and specialists should discuss what is best for the child. In most cases, parents are encouraged to take care of the child at home.

Special education classes are available for autistic children. Structured, behaviorally-based programs, geared to the patient's developmental level have shown some promise.

Most behavioral treatment programs include:

  • clear instructions to the child
  • prompting to perform specific behaviors
  • immediate praise and rewards for performing those behaviors
  • a gradual increase in the complexity of reinforced behaviors
  • definite distinctions of when and when not to perform the learned behaviors

Parents should be educated in behavioral techniques so they can participate in all aspects of the child's care and treatment. The more specialized instruction and behavior therapy the child receives, the more likely it is that the condition will improve.

Medication can be recommended to treat specific symptoms such as seizures, hyperactivity, extreme mood changes, or self-injurious behaviors.

The autistic child requires much of the parents' attention, often affecting the other children in the family. Counseling and support may be helpful for the parents.

The outlook for each child depends on his or her intelligence and language ability. Some people with autism become independent adults. A majority can be taught to live in community-based homes, although they may require supervision throughout adulthood.

For more details click the link below:

http://www.autismspeaks.org.uk/

http://www.autism-essentials.com/index.php?gclid=COv3gJ2s8ZwCFcEtpAodvT2jkg

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